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  • Herpestes javanicus (Photo: Alessio Marrucci. File from the Wikimedia Commons, 2006)
  • Herpestes javanicus (Photo: WikiMedia Commons)
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Common name
newla (Hindi, India), small Indian mongoose (English), Kleiner Mungo (German), mangouste (French), mangus (Hindi), mweyba (Burmese), beji (Bengali)
Synonym
Similar species
Summary
The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) has been introduced to many islands worldwide for control of rats and snakes, mainly in tropical areas, but also to islands in the Adriatic Sea. Moreover, it has been introduced successfully in two continental areas: the northeast coast of South America and a Croatian peninsula. Mongooses are diurnal generalist carnivores that thrive in human-altered habitats. Predation by mongoose has had severe impacts on native biodiversity leading to the decline and extirpation of native mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. At least seven species of native vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, have almost disappeared on Amami-oshima Island since the introduction of the mongoose in 1979. In addition, mongoose carries human and animal diseases, including rabies and human Leptospira bacterium.
Species Description
The small Indian mongoose has a slender body is with short legs. The head is elongated with a pointed muzzle. The tail is robustly muscular at the base and tapers gradually throughout its length. Length of head and body is 509 to 671mm. Ears are short and project only slightly beyond the fur. Feet have five toes with long sharp non-retractile claws. Hair is short. Both sexes have an extensible anal pad with ducted glands lateral to the anus. Fur is soft, pale to dark brown flecked with golden spots. Underside is paler than rest of body. Eyes are amber/brown but are blue green in young animals. There is distinct sexual dimorphism. Females range in length from 509 to 578mm with a mean of 540mm. Body mass at sexual maturity ranges from 305 to 662 g with a mean of 434g. Males have a wider head and more robust body ranging in length from 544 to 671mm with a mean of 591mm (Nellis, 1989).
Notes
\"The genus Herpestes contains 10 species (Nowak 1999) and is considered the oldest genus within the order Carnivora, dating back approximately 30 million years (Hinton & Dunn 1967). The native distribution of the small Indian mongoose [Herpestes auropunctatus (Hodgson 1836)] stretches from Iraq in the west to Myanmar in the east, and from northern Pakistan southwards throughout the Indian subcontinent. East of Myanmar (near the Salween River), the small Indian mongoose is replaced by the Javan mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818), which recently has been recognized as\r\na separate species (G. Veron, personal communication). The small Indian mongoose (but not the Javan mongoose) has been introduced to many islands worldwide for control of rats and snakes, mainly in tropical areas, but also to islands in the Adriatic Sea. Moreover, it has been introduced successfully in two continental areas: the northeast coast of South America (Husson 1960) and a Croatian peninsula (Tvrtkovic & Krystufek 1990; Krystufek & Tvrtkovic 1992). Almost all introduced populations arose from very small numbers of founding individuals, and the introduction history is often well documented\" (from Thulin et al 2006)
Lifecycle Stages
Gestation 42-50 days, weaning 5 weeks, sexual maturity 10 months, total life expectancy in wild animals 3-4 years.
Uses
The small Indian mongoose was introduced as a biocontrol agent to control rats in cane fields but not particularly effective and the enormous cost to native species far outweighed any benefit.
Habitat Description
The small Indian mongoose is reported to prefer dry habitats and this is supported by the observation that trap success falls to zero in rainy weather in most cases. Habitat preferences in the native range have not been investigated but it seems the species prefers grassland and secondary growth to dense forest. Mongooses are also found around human habitation. Studies on Caribbean islands have shown a clear preference for dry natural areas are preferred over rainy areas. Mongooses reach dense population on Hawai’I and in this case they begin to exploit wet areas (Hays and Conant, 2007). In Mauritius tended to be found in rocky areas, riparian habitats and mature forest over scrub, long grass (sugar cane plantations), short grass and paths (Roy et al. 2002). In Puerto Rico male mongooses from the rain forest areas were larger than those in dry forests (Vilella, 1998).
Reproduction
Placental, sexual. Breeds two or three times a year, no real season, though there are breeding peaks.
Two litters of three youngs per female per year. Females can breed from the age of 10 months.
Nutrition
Small Indian mongoose are generalist carnivores that thrive in human-altered habitats. Diet has not been investigated in the native range but a large number of studies have investigated diet in areas where the species has been introduced. Small Indian mongoose diet normally consists of mammals, birds, herpetofauna, invertebrates and plant material. Proportions of these dietary items vary according to availability and location of the study. Some populations are largely insectivorous; others may eat a diet largely consisting of fruit for part of the year (Hays and Conant, 2007). This high level of dietary flexibility has contributed to the small Indian mongoose’s success as an invasive species.
Pathway
Introduced for biological control of rats and snakes in agricultural habitats, from which the animals spread throughout local areas within decades.

Principal source:

Compiler: IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group
Updates with support from the Overseas Territories Environmental Programme (OTEP) project XOT603, a joint project with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment

Review: Dr. Sugoto Roy (Coordinator); Hebridean Mink Project. Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton, York UK

Publication date: 2011-05-25

Recommended citation: Global Invasive Species Database (2024) Species profile: Herpestes javanicus. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=86 on 08-12-2024.

General Impacts
The small Indian mongoose has had a major impact on native species in the areas where it has been introduced. In most cases the native wildlife in these areas evolved in the absence of predatory mammals so they are particularly threatened by mongoose predation. Species considered to have been driven extinct through mongoose predation are the barred-wing rail (see Nesoclopeus poecilopterus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in Fiji (Hays and Conant, 2007). The Critically Endangered (CR)' and 'Possibly Extinct' Jamaica petrel (see Pterodroma caribbaea in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) suffered drastic decline in numbers in the 19th century presumably due to predation by mongoose (capable of taking incubating adults) and rats (BirdLife International 2004). Mongooses have also been implicated in the decline of many other bird, reptile and mammal species. Mongooses also eat invertebrates but the impact of this predation on invertebrate populations has not been studied.

\r\nIn the Caribbean, mongooses prey on the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' hawksbill turtle (see Eretmochelys imbricata in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) eggs in fragmented beach habitat (Leighton et al 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) . Trapping around vulnerable beaches led to much greater breeding success for the turtles (Coblentz and Coblentz, 1985).
Mongooses on Mauritius have been blamed for the extirpation of introduced game birds and the decline of endemic species such as the 'Endangered (EN)' pink pigeon (see Nesoenas mayeri in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Roy et al. 2002).
At least seven species of native vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, have almost disappeared on Amami-oshima Island since the introduction of the mongoose in 1979. The mongoose has been shown to have a strong negative effect on the 'Endangered (EN)' Amami rabbit (see Pentalagus furnessi in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Watari et al. 2008).

In addition, mongoose are carriers of human and animal diseases, including rabies and human Leptospira bacterium.

Management Info
Physical: Trapping is commonly used to remove small Indian mongooses from sensitive areas. It is often very successful at removing animals in the short term. Unfortunately, trapping programmes need to be run almost constantly as mongooses re-colonise trapped areas very quickly (Roy et al. 2003; Hays and Conant, 2007). Fencing has been proposed as a possible control method in Mauritius but predator proof fences are expensive and inflexible should the area that needs to be protected change (Roy et al. 2002).

Chemical: Diphacinone anticoagulant poison has been used to control mongooses in Hawai’I (Hays et al. 2007). The use of this toxin has been considered in Mauritius but poisoning methods would have to be adapted to prevent poisoning of non-target species (Roy et al. 2002).

Integrated management: There is concern in Mauritius that removing mongooses without also removing cats and rats will be disastrous for native species because it may lead to increased rat and cat populations (Roy et al. 2002).

Countries (or multi-country features) with distribution records for Herpestes javanicus
NATIVE RANGE
  • afghanistan
  • bangladesh
  • cambodia
  • china
  • india
  • iran, islamic republic of
  • iraq
  • lao people's democratic republic
  • malaysia
  • myanmar
  • nepal
  • pakistan
  • singapore
  • thailand
  • viet nam
Informations on Herpestes javanicus has been recorded for the following locations. Click on the name for additional informations.
Lorem Ipsum
Location Status Invasiveness Occurrence Source
Details of Herpestes javanicus in information
Status
Invasiveness
Arrival date
Occurrence
Source
Introduction
Species notes for this location
Location note
Management notes for this location
Impact
Mechanism:
Outcome:
Ecosystem services:
Impact information
The small Indian mongoose has had a major impact on native species in the areas where it has been introduced. In most cases the native wildlife in these areas evolved in the absence of predatory mammals so they are particularly threatened by mongoose predation. Species considered to have been driven extinct through mongoose predation are the barred-wing rail (see Nesoclopeus poecilopterus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in Fiji (Hays and Conant, 2007). The Critically Endangered (CR)' and 'Possibly Extinct' Jamaica petrel (see Pterodroma caribbaea in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) suffered drastic decline in numbers in the 19th century presumably due to predation by mongoose (capable of taking incubating adults) and rats (BirdLife International 2004). Mongooses have also been implicated in the decline of many other bird, reptile and mammal species. Mongooses also eat invertebrates but the impact of this predation on invertebrate populations has not been studied.

\r\nIn the Caribbean, mongooses prey on the 'Critically Endangered (CR)' hawksbill turtle (see Eretmochelys imbricata in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) eggs in fragmented beach habitat (Leighton et al 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) . Trapping around vulnerable beaches led to much greater breeding success for the turtles (Coblentz and Coblentz, 1985).
Mongooses on Mauritius have been blamed for the extirpation of introduced game birds and the decline of endemic species such as the 'Endangered (EN)' pink pigeon (see Nesoenas mayeri in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Roy et al. 2002).
At least seven species of native vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, have almost disappeared on Amami-oshima Island since the introduction of the mongoose in 1979. The mongoose has been shown to have a strong negative effect on the 'Endangered (EN)' Amami rabbit (see Pentalagus furnessi in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Watari et al. 2008).

In addition, mongoose are carriers of human and animal diseases, including rabies and human Leptospira bacterium.

Locations
FIJI
GRENADA
GUADELOUPE
HAITI
HONDURAS
JAMAICA
JAPAN
MARTINIQUE
UNITED STATES
VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH
VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S.
Mechanism
[14] Predation
[2] Disease transmission
Outcomes
[14] Environmental Ecosystem - Habitat
  • [14] Reduction in native biodiversity
[7] Environmental Species - Population
  • [7] Population size decline
[4] Socio-Economic
  • [1] Damage to agriculture
  • [1] Reduce/damage livestock and products
  • [2] Human health
Management information
Physical: Trapping is commonly used to remove small Indian mongooses from sensitive areas. It is often very successful at removing animals in the short term. Unfortunately, trapping programmes need to be run almost constantly as mongooses re-colonise trapped areas very quickly (Roy et al. 2003; Hays and Conant, 2007). Fencing has been proposed as a possible control method in Mauritius but predator proof fences are expensive and inflexible should the area that needs to be protected change (Roy et al. 2002).

Chemical: Diphacinone anticoagulant poison has been used to control mongooses in Hawai’I (Hays et al. 2007). The use of this toxin has been considered in Mauritius but poisoning methods would have to be adapted to prevent poisoning of non-target species (Roy et al. 2002).

Integrated management: There is concern in Mauritius that removing mongooses without also removing cats and rats will be disastrous for native species because it may lead to increased rat and cat populations (Roy et al. 2002).

Locations
GUADELOUPE
JAPAN
MAURITIUS
UNITED STATES
VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S.
Management Category
Eradication
Control
Unknown
Bibliography
139 references found for Herpestes javanicus

Management information
Abe S. (2011) Improvement of a kill trap for mongoose eradication projects on two islands in Japan. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 522.
Abe S. (2022) Final stage of invasive alien mongoose eradication from Amami-Oshima Island by the Amami Mongoose Busters. Landscape Research. 86(2): 110-113.
Abe S. Yamada F. Handa Y. Takatsuki Y. Abe Y. Yamashita R. and Fukuda M. (2006) Reproductive responses of the mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), to control operations on Amamioshima Island, Japan. In Koike F. Clout M.N. Kawamichi M. De Poorter M. and Iwatsuk K. (eds), Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks. Shoukadoh Book Sellers, Kyoto, Japan and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 157-164.
Algar, D. and Burrows, N.D. 2004. Feral cat control research: Western Shield review, February 2003. Conservation Science Western Australia 5:131-163.
Algar, D.; Angus, G.J.; Brazell, R.I.; Gilbert, C. and Withnell, G.B. 2001. Farewell felines of Faure. Report to Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Wanneroo, Western Australia. 12 pp.
Atkinson, I. A. E. and Atkinson, T. J. 2000. Land vertebrates as invasive species on islands served by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. In: Invasive Species in the Pacific: A Technical Review and Draft Regional Strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa: 19-84.
Summary: This report reviews available information on the adverse effects of 14 alien vertebrates considered to be significant invasive species on islands of the South Pacific and Hawaii, supplementing the authors experience with that of other workers.
Barun, A.; Budinski, I. and Simberloff, D. 2008. A ticking time-bomb? The small Indian mongoose in Europe. Aliens 26:14-16.
Barun, A. Hanson, C. Campbell, K. and Simberloff, D. (2011). A review of small Indian mongoose management and eradications on islands. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 17-25.
Barun, A., Simberloff, D., Tvrtkovic, N. & Pascal, M., 2011. Impact of the introduced small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on abundance and activity time of the introduced ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the small mammal community on Adriatic islands, Croatia. NeoBiota 11 (2011) : 51-61 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.11.1819
Summary: Available from: http://www.pensoft.net/journals/neobiota/article/1819/abstract/impact-of-the-introduced-small-indian-mongoose-herpestes-auropunctatus-on-abundance-and-activity-time-of-the-introduced- [Accessed December 1 2011]
Bomford, M., 2003. Risk Assessment for the Import and Keeping of Exotic Vertebrates in Australia. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
Summary: Available from: http://www.feral.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/PC12803.pdf [Accessed August 19 2010]
Campbell, K.J.; Harper, G.; Algar, D.; Hanson, C.C.; Keitt, B.S. and Robinson, S. 2011. Review of feral cat eradications on islands. In: Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. and Towns, D.R. (eds.). Island invasives: Eradication and Management, IUCN, (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Gland, Switzerland, pp. XX.
Coblentz, B. E. and Coblentz, B. A 1985. Control of the Indian mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus on St John, US Virgin Islands. Biological Conservation 33: 281-288.
Creekmore, T. E., Linhart, S. B., Corn, J. L., Whitney, M. D., Snyder, B. D. and Nettles, V. F. 1994. Field-evaluation of baits and baiting strategies for delivering oral vaccine to mongooses in Antigua, West Indies. Journal Of Wildlife Diseases 30: 497-505.
Daltry J.C., 2006. Reintroduction of the critically endangered Antiguan racer Alsophis antiguae to Green Island, Antigua. Conservation Evidence, 2006. 3, 36-38. www.ConservationEvidence.com
Daltry J.C., 2006. Reintroduction of the critically endangered Antiguan Racer Alsophis antiguae to Rabbit Island, Antigua. Conservation Evidence, 2006 3, 33-35 www.ConservationEvidence.com.
Fisher, P. and O'Connor C. 2007. Oral toxicity of paminopropiophenone to ferrets. Wildlife Research 34:19-24.
Funakoshi, K.; Kubo, S.; Nakumo, S.; Shioya, K.; Okada, S., 2007. The distribution of invasive small Indian mongooses, Herpestes javanicus, on Amami-Ohshima Island based on the use of tracking-tunnels. Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology [Jap. J. Conserv. Ecol.]. Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 156-162. Nov 2007.
Genovesi, P. 2007. Limits and potentialities of eradication as a tool for addressing biological invasions. In: Nentwig, W. (ed.). Biological Invasions, Ecological Studies 193, Springer, pp 385-400.
Gorman, M. L. 1976a. A mechanism for individual recogniton by odour in Herpestes auropunctatus (Carnivora: Viverridae). Animal Behavior. 24:141-146.
Gorman, M. L. 1976b. Seasonal changes in the reproductive pattern of feral Herpestes auropunctatus (Carnivora: Viveridae), in the Fijian islands. Journal of Zoology 178:237-246.
Hanson, C. C. 2007. Restoring the Goat Islands for creating a suitable environment for reintroducing Jamaican iguanas: goat, cat, and mongoose eradication plan - 2007-DRAFT-03. Unpublished Report, Island Conservation, Santa Cruz, CA.
Hays, W.S.T. and Conant, S. 2003. Male social activity in the small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus. Acta Theriologica 48:485-494.
Henderson, R.W. and Berg, C.S. 2006. The herpetofauna of Grenada and the Grenada Grenadines: Conservation concerns. Applied Herpetology 3:197-213.
Howald, G.; Donlan, C.; Galvan J.; Russel, J.; Parkes, J.; Samaniego, A.; Wang, Y.; Veitch, D.; Genovesi, P.; Pascal, M.; Saunders, A. and Tershy B. 2007. Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 21:1258-1268.
Ishii, N. 2003. Controlling mongooses introduced to Amami-Oshima Island: a population estimate and program evaluation. Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology 8:73-82.
IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
Summary: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are categorized as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild; on taxa that cannot be evaluated because of insufficient information (i.e. are Data Deficient); and on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme (i.e. are Near Threatened).
Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed 25 May 2011]
IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc.
Johnston, M.; Algar, D.; O'Donoghue, M. and Morris, J. 2011. Field efficacy of the Curiosity feral cat bait on three Australian islands. In: Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. and Towns, D.R. (eds.). Island invasives: Eradication and Management, IUCN, (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Gland, Switzerland, pp. XX.
Kotaka, Nobuhiko; Kudaka, Masakazu; Takehara, Kenji; Sato, Hiroki, 2009. Ground use pattern by forest animals and vulnerability toward invasion by Herpestes javanicus into Yambaru, northern Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Japanese Journal of Ornithology. 58(1). APR 2009. 28-45.
Kusuda, Satoshi; Hoson, Osamu; Nakaya, Yumiko; Ogura, Go; Oshiro, Seikou; Takara, Junji; Matsuda, Ayano; Doi, Osamu; Nagamine, Takashi; Murata, Koichi, 2010. Induced estrus in female small Asian mongooses (Herpestes javanicus) for the purpose of controlling invasive alien species in Okinawa Island Mammal Study. 35(3). SEP 2010. 217-219.
Leighton, P. A.; Horrocks, J. A.; Kramer, D. L., 2011. Predicting nest survival in sea turtles: when and where are eggs most vulnerable to predation? Animal Conservation. 14(2). APR 2011. 186-195.
Leighton, Patrick A.; Horrocks, Julia A.; Kramer, Donald L., 2009. How depth alters detection and capture of buried prey: exploitation of sea turtle eggs by mongooses. Behavioral Ecology. 20(6). NOV-DEC 2009. 1299-1306.
Leighton, Patrick A.; Horrocks, Julia A.; Kramer, Donald L., 2010. Conservation and the scarecrow effect: Can human activity benefit threatened species by displacing predators? Biological Conservation. 143(9). SEP 2010. 2156-2163.
Leighton, Patrick A.; Horrocks, Julia A.; Krueger, Barry H.; Beggs, Jennifer A.; Kramer, Donald L., 2008. Predicting species interactions from edge responses: mongoose predation on hawksbill sea turtle nests in fragmented beach habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B. 275(1650). NOV 7 2008. 2465-2472.
Linhart, S.B. 1993. Bait formulation and distribution for oral rabies vaccination of domestic dogs: an overview. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 60:479-490.
Linhart, S.B.; Baer, G.M.; Balderas Torres, J.M.; Engeman, R.M.; Collins, E.F.; Meslin, F. X.; Schumacher, C.L.; Taweel (el-), A.H. and Wlodkowski, J.C. 1997. Acceptance of candidate baits by domestic dogs for delivery of oral rabies vaccines. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 64:115-124.
Linhart, S.B.; Creekmore, T.E.; Corn, J.L.; Whitney, M.D.; Snyder, B.D. and Nettles, V.F. 1993. Evaluation of baits for oral rabies vaccination of mongooses: Pilot field trials in Antigua, West Indies. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:290-294.
Lorvelec, O., Delloue, X., Pascal, M., & mege, S. 2004. Impacts des mammiferes allochtones sur quelques especes autochtones de l Isle Fajou (Reserve Naturelle du Grand Cul-de-sac Marin, Guadeloupe), etablis a l issue d une tentative d eradication. Revue D Ecologie - La Terre et La Vie 59(1-2): 293-307.
Summary: French language. Information about impacts, eradication methodology, results and discussion in French.
Louette, M. 1987. Poissons dulcaquicoles, batraciens, rep- tiles et mammiferes de l archipel des Comores. Ya Mkobe 3:4-7.
Marks, C.A.; Johnston, M.J.; Fisher, P.M.; Pontin, K. and Shaw, M.J. 2006. Differential particle size ingestion: promoting target-specific baiting of feral cats. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:1119-1124.
Mcnair, Dougla. (2003). Population Estimate, Habitat Associations, and Conservation of the St. Croix Ground Lizard Ameiva polops at Protestant Cay, United States Virgin Islands. Caribbean Journal of Science. 39.
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Morley, C.G. 2004. Has the invasive mongoose Herpestes javanicus yet reached the island of Taveuni, Fiji? Oryx 38:457-460.
Morrison, C.Morrison, C.; Naikatini, A.Naikatini, A.; Thomas, N.Thomas, N.; Rounds, I.Rounds, I.; Thaman, B.Thaman, B.; Niukula, J.Niukula, J., 2004. Rediscovery of an endangered frog Platymantis vitianus, on mainland Fiji: implications for conservation and management. Pacific Conservation Biology. 10(4). 2004. 237-240.
Murphy, E.C.; Eason, C.T.; Hix, S. and MacMorran, D. 2007. Developing a new toxin for potential control of feral cats, stoats and wild dogs in New Zealand. In: Witmer, G.W.; Pitt W.C. and Fagerstone K.A. (eds.). Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. USDA/APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Murphy, E.C.; Shapiro, L.; Hix, S.; MacMorran, D. and Eason, C.T. 2011. Control and eradication of feral cats: field trials of a new toxin. In: Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. and Towns, D.R. (eds.). Island Invasives: Eradication and Management, IUCN, (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Gland, Switzerland, pp. XX.
National Park Service. 1993. Proposal for Inventory and Monitoring Programs: Virgin Islands National Park: Buck Island Reef National Monument; Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service.
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Perry G. & G.P. Gerber, 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in the British Virgin Islands: Status and patterns. Applied Herpetology 3: 237-256
Peters, D.; Wilson, L.; Mosher, S.; Rohrer, J.; Hanley, J.; Nadig, A.; Silbernagle, M.; Nishimoto, M. and Jeffrey, J. 2011. Small Indian mongoose - management and eradication using DOC 250 kill traps, first lessons from Hawaii. In: Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. and Towns, D.R. (eds.). Island Invasives: Eradication and Management. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Gland, Switzerland, pp. XX.
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Pitt, W.C. and Sugihara, R.T. 2009. Spatial (foraging distance) and temporal (time and frequency of visitation) responses of marked small Indian mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) to selected food baits in Hawaii. USDA, APHIS, WS, NWRC. Hilo, HI, 81 pp.
Powell, R. and Henderson, R.W. 2005. Conservation status of Lesser Antillean reptiles. Iguana 12:2-17.
Roy, Sugoto; Smith, Graham C.; Russell, James C., 2009. The eradication of invasive mammal species: can adaptive resource management fill the gaps in our knowledge? Human-Wildlife Conflicts. 3(1). SPR 2009. 30-40.
Ryoji Fukuhara, Takako Yamaguchia, Hiromi Ukutab, Sugot Roy, Junichi Tanakaa and Go Ogura, 2010. Development and introduction of detection dogs in surveying for scats of small Indian mongoose as invasive alien species. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research Volume 5, Issue 2, March-April 2010, Pages 101-111
Saito, Mika; Nakata, Katsushi; Nishijima, Taku; Yamashita, Katsuhiro; Saito, Anna; Ogura, Go., 2009. Proposal for Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance Using Captured Invasive Mongooses Under an Eradication Project on Okinawa Island, Japan. Vector-Borne & Zoonotic Diseases. 9(3). JUN 2009. 259-266.
Savarie, P. J.; Ping Pan, H.; Hayes, D. J.; Roberts, J. D.; Dasch, G. L.; Felton, R. and Schafer Jr. E. W. 1983. Comparative acute oral toxicity of paraaminopropiophenone. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30:122-126.
Smith, D.G.; Polhemus, J.T. and VanderWerf, E.A. 2000. Efficacy of fish-flavored diphacinone bait blocks for controlling small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) populations in Hawaii. `Elepaio 60:47-51.
Soubeyran, Y. 2008. Espèces exotiques envahissantes dans les collectivités françaises d'outre-mer (Etat des lieux et recommandations). Collection Planète Nature. Comité français de l UICN. Paris, 202 pp.
Stone, C.P.; Dusek, M., and Aeder, M. 1994. Use of an anticoagulant to control mongooses in nene breeding habitat. `Elepaio 54:73-78.
Thulin, C.-G.; Gyllenstrand, N.; McCracken, G.; Simberloff, D., 2002. Highly variable microsatellite loci for studies of introduced populations of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Molecular Ecology Notes. 2(4). December 2002. 453-455.
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Fukasawa K. Miyashita T. Hashimoto T. Tatara M. and Abe S. (2013b) Differential population responses of native and alien rodents to an invasive predator, habitat alteration and plant masting. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20132075.
Mizuta T. Takashi M. Torikai H. Watanabe T. and Fukasawa K. (2017) Song-count surveys and population estimates reveal the recovery of the endangered Amami Thrush Zoothera dauma major, which is endemic to Amami-Oshima Island in south-western Japan. Bird Conserv. Int. 27: 470–482.
Sugimura k. Ishida K. Abe S. Nagai Y. Watari Y. Tatara M. Takashi M. Hashinoto.T and Yamada F. (2013) Monitoring the effects of forest clear-cutting and mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus invasion on wildlife diversity on Amami Island, Japan. Oryx, 48(2), 241–249.
Watari Y. Nishijima S. Fukasawa M. Yamada F. Abe S. and Miyashita T. (2013) Evaluating the “recovery level” of endangered species without prior information before alien invasion. Ecol. Evol. 3: 4711–4721.
Yamada, F. and Sugimura K. (2004) Negative impact of invasive small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus on native wildlife species and evaluation of its control project in Amami-Ohshima Island and Okiwana Island, Japan. Global Environmental Research 8: 117-124
General information
Abe, S. Takatsuki Y. Handa Y. and Nigi H. 1991. Establishment in the wild of the mongoose (Herpestes sp.) on Amami-Oshima Island. Honyurui Kagaku. 31: 23-36.
Amarasekare, Priyanga, 1994. Ecology of Introduced Small Mammals On Western Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Journey of Mammalogy 75(1):24-38, 1994
Baldwin, P., Schwartz, C. W. and Schwartz, E. R. 1952. Life history and economic status of the mongoose in Hawaii. Journal of Mammalogy 33: 335-356.
Barun, A.; Simberloff, D. and Budinski, I. 2010. Impact of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on native amphibians and reptiles of the Adriatic islands, Croatia. Animal Conservation. 13:549-555.
BirdLife International 2004. Pterodroma caribbaea. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Summary: Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144861/0 [Accessed 12 March 2010]
Borroto-Páez, R. 2009. Invasive mammals in Cuba: an overview. Biological Invasions 11:2279-2290.
Borroto-Páez, Rafael. (2011). Los mamíferos invasores o introducidos. In: R. Borroto-Páez and C.A. Manina (eds.), Mamíferos en Cuba. UPC Print, Vaasa, Finland.
Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1938. The much maligned mongoose. Paradise of the Pacific 50 (4):32-34.
Case, T.J. and Bolger, D.T. 1991. The role of introduced species in shaping the distribution and abundance of island reptiles. Evolutionary Ecology 5:272-290.
Ćirović, Duško & Raković, Maja & Milenković, Miroljub & Paunovic, Milan. (2011). Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus (Herpestidae, Carnivora): An invasive species in Montenegro. Biological Invasions. 13. 393-399. 10.1007/s10530-010-9831-7.
Corn, Joseph L.; Berger, Patrick; Mertins, James W., 2009. Surveys for Ectoparasites on Wildlife Associated With Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae)-Infested Livestock in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Journal of Medical Entomology. 46(6). NOV 2009. 1483-1489.
Daltry, Jennifer C., 2007. An introduction to the herpetofauna of Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, with some conservation recommendations. Applied Herpetology, Volume 4, Number 2, 2007 , pp. 97-130(34)
Dickinson, H.C.; Fa, J.E. and Lenton, S.M. 2001. Microhabitat use by a translocated population of St Lucia whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus vanzoi). Animal Conservation 4:143-156.
Espeut, W. B. 1882. On the acclimatization of the Indian mongoose in Jamaica. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 712-714.
Everard, C. O. R. and Everard, J. D. 1985. Mongoose Rabies in Grenada. In Bacon, P. J. (ed.) Population Dynamics of Rabies in Wildlife, Academic Press Inc., London, UK: 43-69.
Fukasawa K. Hashimoto T. Tatara M. and Abe S. (2013a) Reconstruction and prediction of invasive mongoose population dynamics from history of introduction and management: a Bayesian state-space modelling approach. J Appl. Ecol. 50: 469–478.
Gorman, M. L. 1975. The diet of feral Herpestes auropunctatus. (Carnivora:Viverridae) in the Fijian Islands. Journal of Zoology, London 175: 273-278.
Hays, W.S.T. and Conant, S. 2007. Biology and impacts of Pacific Island invasive species. 1. A Worldwide review of effects of the small Indian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora: Herpestidae). Pacific Science, 61: 3-16.
Summary: Comprehensive review of worldwide effects of the small Indian mongoose in it s introduced range
Heinz, Heather M.; Maley, Abigail J.; Savit, Aaron Z.; Henderson, Robert W.; Powell, Robert, 2004. Behaviour and time allotment in the West Indian snake Alsophis rufiventris (Colubridae) Herpetological Bulletin.(89). FAL 04. 22-25.
Henderson, R.W. 1992. Consequences of predator introductions and habitat destruction on amphibians and reptiles in the post-Columbus West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 28:1-10.
Hinton, H.E. and Dunn, A.M.S. 1967. Mongooses: their Natural History and Behaviour. Oliver and Boyd Ltd., London, UK.
Hoagland, D. B., Horst, G. R. and Kilpatrick, C. W. 1989. Biogeography and population ecology of the mongoose in the West Indies. Biogeography of West Indies 1989: 6111-6134.
Hoagland, Donald B.; Kilpatrick, C. William, 1999. Genetic variation and differentiation among insular populations of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Journal of Mammalogy. 80(1). Feb., 1999. 169-179.
Hodgson, B.H. 1836. Mangusta Auropunctata. Journal of Asiatic Society Bengal 5:235-236.
Horst, G.R.; Hoagland, D.B. and Kilpatrick, C.W. 2001. The mongoose in the West Indies - the biogeography of an introduced species. In: Woods, C.A. and Sergile, F.E. (eds.). Biogeography of West Indies: new patterns and perspectives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 407-422.
Huber, R., Vincent, G., MacFarland, C. and Meganck, R. Plan and Policy for a System of National Parks and Protected Areas. Department of Regional Development, Grenada.
Summary: Inventory and status of the natural and cultural resource base, including the impact of invasive species on Grenada.
Husson, A.M. 1960. Het voorkomen van de mungo in Suriname. Lutra 2:12-13.
Husson, A.M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoölogische Monographieën van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.
Ishida K. Murata K. Nishiumi I. Takahashi Y. and Takashi M. (2015) Endemic Amami Jay, invasive Small Indian Mongoose, and other alien organisms: a new century investigation of island aliens towards improved ecosystem management. J. Ornithol. 156 (Suppl 1): S209–S216
ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), 2005. Online Database Herpestes javanicus
Summary: An online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. In addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal and bioscience articles from BioOne journals.
Available from: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/itisca/taxastep?king=every&p_action=containing&taxa=Herpestes+javanicus&p_format=&p_ifx=plglt&p_lang= [Accessed March 2005]
Kishida, K. 1931. Professor Watase and the import of mongooses. Zoological Science 43:70-78. (in Japanese)
Kiyoaki Ozaki, Yoshihiro Yamamoto and Satoshi Yamagishi, 2010. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the endangered Okinawa Rail, Gallirallus okinawae. Genes & Genetic Systems. Vol. 85 (2010) , No. 1 p.55-63.
Lorvelec, O., Pascal, M., Delloue, X., Chapuis, J.L. 2007. Les mammifères terrestres non volants des Antilles françaises et l'introduction récente d'un écureuil. Rev.Ecol. (Terre Vie), 62, 295-314
Summary: Bilan des introductions des mammifères terrestres dans les Antilles françaises et analyse de leurs impacts.
Lorvelec, O., Pascal, M., & Pavis, C. 2001. Inventaire et statut des Mammifères des Antilles françaises (hors Chiroptères et Cétacés). In Rapport n° 27 de l'Association pour l'Etude et la Protection des Vertébrés et Végétaux des Petites Antilles, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe.
Summary: Article de synthèse sur les mammifères (hors chiroptéres et cétacés) des Antilles françaises. L origine des espaces introduites et leurs impacts avérés ou potentiels sont discutés.
Available from: http://www.fnh.org/francais/fnh/uicn/pdf/biodiv_mammiferes_antilles.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2008]
Macmillan, A. 1914. Mauritius Illustrated. W.H. & L. Collingridge, London, UK.
Morley, Craig G.; McLenachan, Patricia A.; Lockhart, Peter J., 2007. Evidence for the presence of a second species of mongoose in the Fiji Islands. Pacific Conservation Biology. 13(1). MAR 2007. 29-34.
Nagayama, Yasuhiko; Ogura, Go; Kawashima, Yoshitsugu, 2001. Morphometry of skulls and statistical verification of mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) on Okinawa and Amami Ohshima Islands. Honyurui Kagaku. 41(2). December, 2001. 159-169.
Nakama, H. and Komizo, K. 2009. On the mongoose in Kiire-sesekushi-cho Kagoshima city, Kagoshima prefecture. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum. 28:103-104. (in Japanese)
Nellis, D.W. 1982. Mongoose influence on the ecology of islands. Transactions of the International Congress of Game Biologists. 14:311-314.
Nellis, D.W. 1989. Herpestes auropunctatus. Mammalian Species 442: 1-6
Nellis, D. W. and Everard, C. O. R. 1983. The biology of the mongoose in the Caribbean. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 64: 1-162.
Nellis, D. W. and Small, V. 1983. Mongoose predation on sea turtle eggs and nests. Biotropica 15: 159-160.
Nellis, D.W.; Eichholz, N.F.; Regan, T.W. and Feinstein, C. 1978. Mongoose in Florida. Wildlife Society Bulletin 6:249-250.
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Windsor Research Centre, undated. Non-native invasive species.
Summary: A summary of the impact of invasive species on Jamaica.
Contact
The following 6 contacts offer information an advice on Herpestes javanicus
Hayes,
Warren
Herpestes javanicus
Organization:
Hawaii Pacific University
Email:
Address:
Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu HI 96815, USA.
Phone:
+1 808 2365842
Fax:
Japan,
Ministry of the Environment
Organization:
Office for Alien Species Management, Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Address:
1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8975, Japan
Phone:
+81 3 3581 3351
Fax:
Lorvelec,
Olivier
Geographic region: Caribbean, Europe, Pacific
Ecosystem: Terrestrial
Organization:
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
Address:
Équipe écologie des Invasions Biologiques - UMR (INRA/Agrocampus Rennes) écologie et Santé des écosystèmes - INRA - Campus de Beaulieu - Bâtiment 16 - 35 000 Rennes
Phone:
Fax:
Morley,
Craig
Organization:
The University of the South Pacific
Address:
Department of Biology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, PO Box 1168, Suva, Fiji
Phone:
Fax:
Pascal,
Michel
Geographic region: sub-Antarctic; North Africa; Pacific; Caribbean
Ecosystem: Terrestrial
Organization:
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
Address:
INRA - SCRIBE - Campus de Beaulieu - F35 042 Rennes
Phone:
(33) (0)2 23 48 53 79
Fax:
Roy,
Sugoto
Herpestes javanicus
Organization:
Coordinator Hebridean Mink Project
Address:
Central Science Laboratory,Sand Hutton,York YO41 1LZ
Phone:
+44(0)1904-462000
Fax:
Herpestes javanicus
newla, small Indian mongoose, Kleiner Mungo, mangouste, mangus, mweyba, beji
Date assessed
Year published
Eicat category
Justification for EICAT assessment
Confidence rating
Mechanism(s) of maximum impact
Countries of most severe impact
Description of impacts
Assessor
Contributors
Reviewers
Recommended citation
(2024). Herpestes javanicus. IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT).